Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that can affect 8–13% of reproductive-aged women, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In the Philippines, approximately 4.5 million Filipinas live with PCOS, according to a study funded by the UK Research and Innovation.

This condition can cause hormonal imbalances, irregular periods, and high levels of androgens (hormones that are typically abundant in men). 

Its name is derived from the presence of multiple cysts (fluid-filled sacs) in the ovaries, which is a common sign. 

What are the symptoms of PCOS?

PCOS symptoms can vary from one individual to another, and they may change over time. Some common signs include:

• Prolonged, heavy, irregular, or absent periods

• Excess facial and body hair

• Severe acne or oily skin

• Hair thinning or male-pattern baldness

• Difficulty in losing weight or unexplained weight gain

• Dark patches of skin, especially in the creases like those of the neck, groin, and underneath the breasts

• Skin tags

• Difficulty getting pregnant

• Multiple cysts in the ovaries

Other associated complications

Those with PCOS are more likely to have other health conditions, such as:

• Type 2 diabetes

• Hypertension (high blood pressure)

• Problems with the heart or blood vessels

• High cholesterol

• Depression

• Anxiety

• Eating disorders

• Sleep apnea

• Endometrial cancer (cancer of the inner lining of the uterus)

• Hypothyroidism 

What causes PCOS?

The exact causes of PCOS are unclear, but it likely happens due to a combination of genetics and environmental factors. You may have a higher risk of developing the condition if you have:

• A mother or sister with PCOS

• Obesity

• Insulin resistance 

How is PCOS diagnosed?

PCOS is diagnosed by looking at a combination of signs and symptoms. Doctors usually check for these three main criteria to determine if someone has PCOS:

• Irregular or missed periods

• High levels of androgens (seen through blood tests)

• Multiple ovarian cysts (seen through ultrasound scans)

If a person has at least two of these three criteria, the doctor may diagnose them with PCOS. However, before making a diagnosis, the doctor must rule out other conditions that can cause similar symptoms.

Tips to manage PCOS symptoms

While PCOS is a chronic condition with no cure, there are ways to manage its symptoms. These include:

• Avoid a diet that’s high in saturated fats, fried food, processed meats, and refined sugar.

• Eat a diet that focuses on non-starchy vegetables and fruits, omega-3-rich fish, whole grains, lean protein, healthy carbs, and low-fat dairy.

• Engage in regular physical activity like walking, swimming, cycling, and weight training. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week.

• Practice yoga, meditation, or deep-breathing exercises to reduce stress levels.

• Ensure you get 7-8 hours of sleep each night to maintain overall health.

• Monitor your blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels yearly.

• Follow your doctor’s recommendations regarding medications such as birth control pills to regulate your menstrual cycle.

• Quit smoking, as it can increase androgen levels and worsen PCOS symptoms.

• Reduce alcohol intake, as it can disrupt hormone levels.

By incorporating these habits into your daily routine, you can manage PCOS more effectively. Remember, each body is different, so it’s important to consult with your doctor to develop a healthcare plan that works for you.